Target identification and validation are the first stages in the drug discovery process, serving as the foundation for the development of novel therapeutic agents. Target identification involves the identification of specific biological molecules or pathways that play a key role in a disease process and could be potential targets for drug intervention. This step often involves a combination of approaches, including genomics, proteomics, and bioinformatics, to pinpoint the biological components associated with a particular disease. Understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms of a disease is crucial for selecting appropriate targets that can be modulated to achieve a therapeutic effect. Following target identification, the next crucial step is target validation, which aims to confirm the relevance of the selected targets in the context of the disease and assess their suitability for drug development. This process involves rigorous experimentation to demonstrate the causal relationship between the target and the disease phenotype. Various experimental techniques, such as genetic manipulation, biochemical assays, and animal models, are employed to validate the potential targets. Successful validation provides confidence that modulating the target will indeed have the desired therapeutic effect, reducing the risk of investing resources in drug development programs that may not yield effective treatments.